Module 9: Digital / Cyber Literacy

Introduction

In a world increasingly shaped by technology, understanding how to use digital tools responsibly is not just a skill – it’s a necessity. Digital and cyber literacy go beyond knowing how to operate a computer or access information online. They encompass the ethical, legal, and secure use of digital resources in education, communication, and daily life. As technology evolves, so do the risks and responsibilities associated with its use. Cyber threats, online scams, and digital misinformation pose real dangers to individuals and communities. Thus, promoting awareness of digital rights, responsibilities, and safe practices is imperative, especially among students and educators. This module aims to equip learners with a robust understanding of digital and cyber literacy, drawing from the insights of Elmer B. De Leon, DEM, and other authoritative sources.

Objective

By the end of this module, learners should be able to:

1. Define and explain digital literacy and cybersecurity.
2. Identify common cyber threats and learn strategies to protect oneself.
3. Understand and embody the principles of cyber citizenship.
4. Recognize types and effects of cyberbullying and cybercrime.
5. Evaluate digital content and sources critically.
6. Apply digital literacy skills ethically in school, at home, and in the community.

Opening Activity: “Digital Footprint Reflection”

1. List the apps, websites, or platforms you use regularly.
2. Have you ever encountered fake news, suspicious messages, or inappropriate content online?
3. How did you respond?
4. How even casual online actions create a lasting “digital footprint” that can influence one’s reputation, opportunities, and safety?

Note: This is a free activity and do not require submissions. You have the option not to do this but for better understanding about the topic, it is advisable to do this for your own learning benefits. 

Discussion

What is Digital Literacy?

Digital literacy refers to the ability to effectively and responsibly use digital technologies to find, evaluate, create, and communicate information. It includes technical proficiency in using devices, understanding digital platforms, and navigating online environments. According to De Leon (2019), digital literacy is foundational for modern learners as it equips them to engage with content critically, avoid misinformation, and harness digital tools for meaningful learning. A digitally literate person is not only proficient in using technology but is also discerning about its content and ethical in its application.

What is Cybersecurity?

Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and data from digital attacks, theft, or damage. It involves implementing secure passwords, using encryption, updating software, and being alert to phishing and malware attempts. De Leon (2019) emphasizes that understanding cybersecurity is critical in the 21st century, as individuals often store personal, academic, and even financial information online. Cybersecurity awareness helps individuals safeguard their digital identities and maintain privacy in an interconnected world.

Please follow this link for a better learning. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBiuIUhD7TE

Tips on How to Protect Yourself Against Cyber Threats

One essential practice in safeguarding digital well-being is monitoring behavior on social media. This involves being cautious about what is shared online, especially personal details such as location, photos, and emotions. Regularly reviewing and adjusting privacy settings helps prevent unauthorized access or identity theft.

Keeping devices safe is another vital practice. This means installing antivirus software, avoiding public Wi-Fi for transactions, and updating systems to fix security vulnerabilities. Safe device practices also include being careful with app permissions and only downloading software from trusted sources.

Understanding how to use passwords effectively can prevent unauthorized access to personal accounts. Strong passwords combine uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters. Using unique passwords for different accounts and enabling two-factor authentication add extra layers of security.

Handling unsafe content responsibly involves recognizing suspicious emails, links, and pop-up ads. Avoid engaging with or sharing content that seems fake or harmful. If exposed to disturbing material, it is best to report it to the platform or a trusted adult.

Lastly, it is important to consider safety for the future. Young users should be mindful that their digital behavior—what they post, like, or comment on—can impact future academic or job opportunities. Practicing digital responsibility today protects one’s reputation and credibility in the long run.

Cyber Citizenship

Cyber citizenship is the practice of being a responsible, respectful, and ethical participant in the digital world. It includes understanding one’s rights and responsibilities, being mindful of the impact of online actions, and contributing positively to online communities. According to De Leon (2019), true digital citizens not only avoid harmful behaviors like cyberbullying or plagiarism but also promote inclusivity, respect, and empathy in digital spaces. Cyber citizenship empowers individuals to shape a safer and more supportive online environment.

Ways on How to Be a Good Cyber Citizen

Being a good cyber citizen starts with being careful and critical about what one posts online. Think before you post—will your content help or harm others? Will it reflect your values in a positive light? Another essential principle is addressing conflicts offline rather than through public online outbursts. Instead of expressing frustration via posts or comments, approach the concerned individual directly and resolve the matter privately and respectfully.

Good digital citizens also give credit where it is due. When using the internet for research or schoolwork, always cite sources correctly and analyze the information for accuracy and bias. The internet is a powerful tool for learning; using it purposefully—whether for studying, hobbies, or skill-building—can foster self-growth.

Verifying information before sharing it helps prevent the spread of misinformation. Don’t share news or posts unless you are sure of their truthfulness. It is also important to guard personal data. Avoid revealing sensitive information such as passwords, addresses, or school names online.

When interacting online, avoid answering questions that make you uncomfortable, especially from strangers. If you plan to meet someone you first encountered online, make sure to inform a reliable adult and never go alone.

Copyright laws must be respected at all times. Downloading or using digital content without permission violates legal and moral standards. Likewise, use only computers or networks you are authorized to access—hacking is unethical and illegal.

Importance of Cyber Citizenship

Cyber citizenship is vital because it ensures that the internet remains a safe, productive, and respectful place for all users. As more learning and communication shift online, ethical digital behavior fosters a healthy virtual environment. It promotes trust, discourages online abuse, and supports collaborative learning. De Leon (2019) points out that educators play a crucial role in modeling cyber citizenship, shaping students to become thoughtful and responsible digital participants.

Proper Netiquette

Netiquette, or internet etiquette, refers to the appropriate and respectful way of communicating online. This includes avoiding all-caps typing (which implies shouting), not interrupting in online discussions, and responding politely to differing opinions. It also involves respecting others’ time by keeping messages concise and refraining from sending spam or irrelevant content. Practicing netiquette contributes to meaningful and respectful digital interaction (CyberCitizenship.org, n.d.).

The Ten Commandments of Teacher Cyber Citizenship (De Leon, 2019)

Elmer B. De Leon outlines ten ethical principles educators must follow to model proper cyber behavior. Teachers must protect students’ digital privacy and use technology to enrich, not distract from, the learning experience. They should teach students about intellectual property, guide them on safe social media use, and address issues like cyberbullying constructively. By keeping themselves updated on current digital trends and threats, teachers can foster safe and productive digital learning environments. Here are the ten commandments of teachers cyber citizenship.

1. Thou shall not post any personal matter, confidential information and obscene pictures and messages online that can be assessed by students and parents.
2. Thou shall not respond or thread to any personal message created by students online other than those school-related.
3. Thou shall not lend or let students access your cellphone.
4. Thou shall not give your email password to students.
5. Thou shall not use concepts and information from texts and references without the author’s citation.
6. Thou shall not post to any social media account, for whatever purposes, the pictures of students without their or their parents’ consent.
7. Thou shall not express sentiments, disappointments and disagreements against superiors, colleagues, students and their parents using their social media accounts.
8. Thou shall not use data from Internet sources in any documents like lesson plans, researches, and requirements without the consent of the author.
9. Thou shall not give any personal data or other’s information to anyone unless for specific purposes and given the consent.
10. Thou shall not post any student data publicly online including academic rankings, school records, class outputs and record of grades.

Internet Safety

Information security focuses on protecting digital content and user identities. Phishing scams attempt to steal personal data by pretending to be trustworthy sources. Internet scams often involve fake prizes, online jobs, or fraudulent charities. Malware, such as viruses or ransomware, is malicious software that can damage files or steal information.

Personal safety threats include cyberstalking, where an individual is harassed or monitored online, and cyberbullying, where someone is targeted through harmful messages or images. Online predation occurs when individuals are manipulated or exploited, particularly minors. The internet can also expose users to obscene or offensive content and the growing issue of sextortion, where private images are used to blackmail victims.

Fixing computer threats involves updating software, using firewalls and security tools, regularly backing up data, and reporting cybercrimes to authorities or online platforms.

Cyberbullying and Its Types

Cyberbullying can take many forms – harassment through messages, public shaming (flaming), spreading false information (denigration), impersonation, exposing someone’s secrets (outing), or deliberately excluding someone from online activities. These actions can cause emotional distress, depression, and withdrawal, especially in young people (De Leon, 2019).

Implications of Bullying in Schools

Bullying in schools, particularly online, affects a student’s academic performance, mental health, and social life. Victims may feel isolated or fearful of participating in class or school activities. School communities must work proactively to create safe spaces by implementing anti-bullying programs and encouraging open communication.

Cybercrime

Cybercrime refers to illegal activities conducted via digital platforms, such as identity theft, data breaches, hacking, and online fraud. These crimes can have devastating consequences for individuals and institutions. Being informed and alert online is the first step toward preventing victimization.

Please follow this link for better learning. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBiuIUhD7TE

Exploring the Internet: Researching and Evaluating the Web

Effective internet research involves checking the credibility of websites by considering the author’s qualifications, the website’s domain (.edu, .gov), the accuracy of the information, and whether sources are cited. Students should be aware of biases in content and avoid relying on anonymous or unverified pages. Proper citation of sources is necessary to avoid plagiarism, and learners must understand how sharing data can impact privacy.

When evaluating a website, Morris (2018) recommends checking its purpose, authorship, and the quality of its layout and writing. Additionally, students should follow ethical research protocols, especially when collecting or using data.

Integrating Digital/Cyber Literacy into the Curriculum

Integrating digital literacy across subjects helps learners use technology meaningfully in academics and life. Teachers can employ digital storytelling, web-based research, virtual discussions, and collaborative projects to build digital competence. De Leon (2019) highlights the importance of making learners not only technology users but also thoughtful creators and ethical contributors to the digital world.

Impact of Integrating Digital Literacy on Teachers, Families, and Friends

Digital literacy empowers teachers to enhance learning, personalize instruction, and connect with students creatively. It helps families become more involved in their children’s education and enables friends to collaborate and share knowledge safely. A digitally literate community fosters cooperation, safety, and lifelong learning.

References

CyberCitizenship.org. (n.d.). Ethics. Retrieved from http://www.cybercitizenship.org/ethics/ethics.html

De Leon, E. B. (2019). Digital literacy and cyber citizenship: Principles and practice. [Publisher info].

Morris, J. (2018). How to evaluate websites for credibility. Retrieved from https://www.educationcorner.com/evaluate-websites.html